高中历史探秘霍伦赫布王朝的遗踪

霍伦赫布:历史上的英雄与改革者

在埃及第18王朝的末期,霍伦赫布(公元前1320-1292年在位)以一位不容忽视的法老而著称。尽管关于他的早年生活知之甚少,但他似乎起初在阿蒙霍特普三世手下服役,并继续服务于阿肯那顿。在图坦卡蒙统治期间,当他与维齐尔艾一起担任年轻国王的顾问时,他第一次引起了历史学家的关注。

随着艾接替图坦卡蒙登上王位,霍伦赫布成为最后一位法老。他发起了一场全国性的运动,从历史中抹去他前任的名字,试图振兴在阿肯那顿统治下衰落的国家。人们对他的评价褒贬不一,有人认为他是一位好法老,而另一些人则将其看作是英雄或恶棍,这取决于人们对阿肯那顿统治和霍伦赫布反应的不同看法。

早年的职业生涯

根据铭文记载,Horemheb来自赫拉克利奥波利斯,但关于他的出身和青年时代几乎无从得知。他首次出现在记录中的位置是在阿蒙霍特普三世的手下,但由于这段引用不够清楚,他可能也曾为阿肯那顿效力。此外,他希望将埃及恢复到当时被认为是辉煌时期,即阿蒙霍特普三世时代。

宗教改革

然而,在这个过程中,一系列重大变化正在发生。在Arkenaten(即阿肯那顿)的统治下,宗教改革导致传统多神教习俗被禁止,将一切集中于一个新的、一神教——Aten宗教。这意味着除了Aten以外,不允许崇拜其他任何神灵。国王自封为Aten化身,与其妻娜芙蒂蒂并列作为唯一可供崇拜的人类化身。

Horemheb对于这些改革持何态度,我们不得而知。但后来对这些政策进行反动,这一点很有理由。这场革命性变革造成了严重后果,因为它破坏了社会结构和经济基础。旧有的神庙关闭,其祭司失去了收入来源,对整个社会产生了深远影响。

军事行动

尽管如此,Horemheb仍然担任军队总司令,并率领埃及军队抵抗北方来的赫梯人。如果他确实曾经在Amenhotep III手下服役,那么面对Akhenaten下的挫败感一定巨大,因为铭文表明,在Akhenaten期间,无论如何强大的Egyptian军队都无法战胜敌人的挑战。这被认为是因为国王因其强烈的宗教信仰而忽视外交和国内事务。

继承与政变

Akhenaten去世后,由另一个儿子临时执掌权力,然后由Tutankhamun继承王位。当Tutankhamun加冕之后,他改变自己的名字为Tutankhamun并废除父亲所行的一切禁令,以及恢复传统宗教习惯。他还将首都从Amarna迁回底比斯,并重新开放寺庙。

虽然Tutankhamun只活了十岁但成就显著,使得这一努力对于这个土地的人民来说意义非凡。为了保持平衡,即maat概念,被认为通过众神合作来维护,而放弃这些神灵给这片土地带来了不平衡,所以Tutankhamun寻求的是这种平衡恢复。而且当Ankhesamun嫁给Ay以主持她的丈夫葬礼并登基,她选择这样做也是为了保持这一点,是一种正式婚姻,以保证天体间谐观念得到遵守,也就是maat概念的一个方面。(111-112)

然而Ankhesamun写信给Heretic King Suppiluliuma I要求送她一个儿子作为她的丈夫。她拒绝嫁给Ay(可能是她的祖父),想要一个她可以相信具有相同血脉关系的地主丈夫。但Zananza之前被杀死,因此没有成为埃及新君。因此或者是Ay告诉指挥官们什么Ankhesamoun做的事情,或许两个人决定阻止Heretic Prince,因为让女王嫁给外国人会使国家感到耻辱——这是颠覆正常秩序的事故。(68)

然后Eiyi死后,没有合适继承人的情况下,Horemebebecame king. Eiyi延续了图坦卡门关于返回传统宗教习俗政策,但是 Horemebe更进一步,最终导致他们难忘的事情。(115-116)

The reign of Pharaoh Horemebe was marked by widespread plans to commemorate his rule, to restore order and rebuild the temples that had been destroyed. During his reign, tribute flowed into the land, smaller kingdoms and nations sent emissaries to maintain friendly relations with him; he was called "stern" by contemporaries. Horemebe claimed divine selection by the gods, particularly Horus (his guardian god), to bring balance back to this land. He formulated strict orthodox views on religious practices.

He returned all temple property back to their rightful priests who were seized during Amarna period under Akhetaton's regime. His reign is also marked with construction projects including repairing and starting expansion of Karnak Temple in Thebes, Nubia Temples in Egypt, Ptah Temple at Memphis as well as tombs in Memphis and Thebes.

Moreover, he ordered the destruction of Akhetaton city built by Amenhotep IV (the father of Tutankhaten) and moved Egypt's capital from Thebes back towards Memphis following a long tradition started during earlier dynasties.

All monuments erected or inscribed for previous rulers were dismantled or used as fill material for new constructions.

Like Arkenaten who commanded all signs of old gods be erased from Egyptian landscape; so too did Horemebe command that all remnants related Aten religion be erased from records after his death! This was done so successfully that later Egyptians believed him successor of Amenhotep III continuing those policies until they were discovered again around 19th century late 20th century middle!

However it was not about religion but about balance! He wanted Egypt restored like its glorious time under Amenhotep III era where Ma'at concept thrived through divine harmony among gods & humans maintaining equilibrium which gave way for peace prosperity justice law order stability security unity integrity beauty truth fairness love wisdom compassion generosity gratitude forgiveness humility patience perseverance courage strength resilience resourcefulness creativity ingenuity innovation progress growth development evolution transformation renewal rejuvenation restoration rebirth revival resurrection resurrection!

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